Saint John Chrysostom, The Golden-Mouthed Preacher
Saint John Chrysostom, known as “Chrysostomos” (meaning “golden-mouthed” in Greek), is celebrated as one of the most influential Church Fathers in Christianity. Born around 347 AD in Antioch (modern-day Antakya, Turkey), he became renowned for his eloquent preaching, profound theological writings, and unwavering commitment to the moral and spiritual renewal of the Church and its people.
Early Life and Education
John was born into a well-to-do Christian family. His father, Secundus, was a high-ranking military officer who died when John was still a child, leaving his mother, Anthusa, to raise him. Anthusa, a devout Christian, dedicated herself to John’s upbringing, providing him with a solid Christian foundation and ensuring he received an excellent education. John was trained in rhetoric and philosophy under Libanius, a famous pagan rhetorician of the time, who greatly admired John’s intellectual gifts. However, the allure of rhetoric and secular power did not captivate John as it did many of his contemporaries.
Around the age of twenty, John felt a strong calling to dedicate his life to God. He began studying theology under Diodore of Tarsus and immersed himself in the ascetic life. After his baptism around 370 AD, John adopted a life of asceticism and lived as a monk in the mountains near Antioch for several years, devoting himself to prayer, fasting, and study. His rigorous ascetic practices, however, weakened his health, prompting his return to Antioch, where he was ordained a deacon in 381 AD and later a priest in 386 AD.
Ministry in Antioch
The Voice of Social Justice
John’s time in Antioch marked the beginning of his reputation as an extraordinary preacher. His homilies, delivered from the pulpit of the Cathedral of Antioch, attracted large crowds. He gained a reputation not only for his eloquence but also for his courage in addressing the moral and social issues of the time. John spoke out against the widespread corruption in both the Church and society, denouncing abuses of power, greed, and the neglect of the poor. His sermons on the Gospel of Matthew and the letters of Saint Paul were particularly influential, emphasizing repentance, humility, and social justice.
One of the most notable events during his time in Antioch occurred in 387 AD, known as the “Riot of the Statues.” After a riot led to the destruction of imperial statues, the citizens of Antioch faced severe punishment from Emperor Theodosius I. John preached a series of sermons, known as the “Homilies on the Statues,” calling for repentance and urging the people to remain calm and trust in God’s mercy. His sermons helped to pacify the city and eventually led to the emperor’s decision to show leniency.
Bishop of Constantinople
The Golden-Mouthed Leader
In 398 AD, against his wishes, John was appointed the Archbishop of Constantinople, the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire. This new role placed him in one of the most powerful and politically charged sees of the Christian world. As Archbishop, John continued his commitment to preaching, social justice, and ecclesiastical reform. He immediately began a campaign to reform the clergy, insisting on higher moral standards and challenging the opulence and complacency that had crept into church life.
John also focused on the needs of the poor, establishing hospitals and providing charity to the needy. However, his forthrightness and direct criticism of the wealthy and powerful, including Empress Eudoxia, earned him many enemies within the imperial court and among the elite. His enemies accused him of being too harsh and austere, and his criticism of corruption and immorality made him unpopular among many in power.
Exile and Death
A Legacy of Faith and Perseverance
John’s tenure as Archbishop was turbulent. His relentless criticism of the Empress Eudoxia and the luxurious lifestyles of the wealthy elite led to his eventual downfall. In 403 AD, a synod known as the “Synod of the Oak,” composed largely of his adversaries, was convened, and John was deposed and exiled. Although he was briefly reinstated due to public outcry, he was exiled again in 404 AD to Cucusus in the rugged region of Armenia.
Even in exile, John continued to write letters and treatises, providing guidance and encouragement to his followers. His letters to his friend Olympias, a deaconess, reveal his deep faith, resilience, and unwavering commitment to his principles. He was later moved to the remote town of Pityus (modern-day Pitsunda, Georgia) on the Black Sea coast, a harsher and more isolated location. His health, already fragile, deteriorated further during the long and arduous journey. He died on September 14, 407 AD, his last words reportedly being “Glory be to God for all things.”
Teachings and Writings
A Legacy of Wisdom and Compassion
Saint John Chrysostom’s writings remain some of the most influential in Christian history. His homilies, treatises, and commentaries provide profound insights into scripture, theology, and Christian living. Among his most famous works are his “Homilies on the Statues,” “Commentary on the Gospel of Matthew,” “Homilies on the Epistles of Paul,” and his “Treatise on the Priesthood.”
John’s teachings emphasize the need for a sincere and heartfelt Christian life. He spoke passionately about the importance of almsgiving, prayer, and fasting, seeing these practices as means to cultivate a deeper relationship with God and neighbor. His works also reflect a deep concern for the poor and marginalized. He famously declared, “If you cannot find Christ in the beggar at the church door, you will not find him in the chalice.“
John was also a staunch advocate for the proper interpretation of scripture, often opposing the allegorical interpretations popular among some of his contemporaries. He promoted a more straightforward, literal understanding of the Bible, grounded in its historical and cultural context. His preaching style combined profound theological insight with practical moral teaching, making his messages accessible and relevant to all.
Saint John Chrysostom’s Enduring Legacy
Saint John Chrysostom is recognized as a Doctor of the Church in the Roman Catholic tradition, one of the Three Holy Hierarchs in Eastern Orthodoxy (alongside Saints Basil the Great and Gregory the Theologian), and as a significant reformer and preacher in many Christian traditions. His feast day is celebrated on September 13 in the Roman Catholic Church and on November 13 in the Eastern Orthodox Church, with additional commemorations on January 27 and January 30.
John Chrysostom’s enduring legacy lies in his unwavering commitment to the Gospel message, his eloquent preaching, and his advocacy for justice and reform within the Church. His writings continue to inspire Christians to seek holiness, to serve others with compassion, and to live out the values of humility, repentance, and love for God and neighbor. His life serves as a reminder of the power of words, the courage of conviction, and the transformative potential of faith lived out in action.
Online resources
Here are some online resources where you can find the writings of Saint John Chrysostom:
1. New Advent (Catholic Encyclopedia)
- New Advent – John Chrysostom
- This website offers a comprehensive collection of the works of the Church Fathers, including Saint John Chrysostom. You can find many of his homilies, letters, and treatises translated into English.
2. Christian Classics Ethereal Library (CCEL)
- CCEL – Saint John Chrysostom
- The Christian Classics Ethereal Library hosts a range of John Chrysostom’s writings, such as his “Homilies on the Gospel of Matthew,” “Homilies on the Epistles of Paul,” and “On the Priesthood.” The texts are available in multiple formats, including HTML, PDF, and Kindle.
3. Internet Archive
- Internet Archive – John Chrysostom
- The Internet Archive provides free access to a variety of books and resources on Saint John Chrysostom. You can search for his name to find digitized versions of his works and other related materials.
4. Patristics and Ecclesiastical Texts (Tertullian.org)
- Tertullian.org – John Chrysostom
- Tertullian.org is a great resource for early Christian texts. It includes a collection of works by John Chrysostom, both in their original Greek and translated into English.
5. Bible Hub
- Bible Hub – John Chrysostom’s Homilies
- Bible Hub offers a collection of John Chrysostom’s homilies on the New Testament. This resource is particularly useful for those interested in his exegetical works and commentaries.
6. Perseus Digital Library
- Perseus Digital Library – John Chrysostom
- The Perseus Digital Library offers access to several of John Chrysostom’s writings in Greek and Latin, along with English translations. It is an excellent resource for those interested in the original texts.
7. The Center for Early African Christianity
- Early African Christianity – John Chrysostom
- This site provides access to writings from early Church Fathers, including John Chrysostom. It also includes articles and resources that discuss the historical and theological context of his works.
8. Google Books
- Google Books – John Chrysostom
- Many of Saint John Chrysostom’s works are available for free or for preview on Google Books. You can search for specific titles or his name to access various translations and editions.
9. Project Gutenberg
- Project Gutenberg – John Chrysostom
- Project Gutenberg offers several free eBooks of John Chrysostom’s works. You can find many of his sermons and homilies in various formats, including plain text, ePub, and Kindle.
10. Saint Vladimir’s Seminary Press
- Saint Vladimir’s Seminary Press
- Although not all resources are free, Saint Vladimir’s Seminary Press publishes many of John Chrysostom’s works and books about his theology, which can be purchased or accessed through some library networks.
These resources provide a wealth of information on Saint John Chrysostom’s writings and are accessible to anyone interested in exploring his profound teachings and insights further.
His exhortations for a modern society
If Saint John Chrysostom were to address modern society, his exhortation would likely be a powerful call to return to the fundamental values of faith, compassion, justice, and personal transformation. Known for his courage in speaking out against corruption, his advocacy for the poor and marginalized, and his emphasis on sincere Christian living, Chrysostom would confront today’s world with the same fervor and clarity he demonstrated in the 4th century.
1. A Call to Repentance and Inner Transformation
John Chrysostom would begin by calling individuals and society as a whole to repentance—a return to God and a transformation of the heart. He would emphasize that real change begins within each person, urging people to examine their own lives, repent of their sins, and seek to live according to God’s commandments. In a world marked by anxiety, division, and moral ambiguity, he would likely say:
“Brothers and sisters, the turmoil you see around you is but a reflection of the turmoil within your own hearts. Begin by cleansing your own soul, seeking forgiveness, and turning away from the empty pursuits that lead to destruction. Let your hearts be like fertile soil, ready to receive the seed of God’s word and bear fruit in love, humility, and service.”
Chrysostom would stress that the change society needs will not come from political systems or external laws alone but from a genuine renewal of the human spirit.
2. A Challenge to Materialism and Greed
In our consumer-driven age, where material wealth and success are often idolized, Chrysostom would issue a stern warning against the dangers of materialism and greed. He would remind us that wealth is not evil in itself, but the love of wealth, when it becomes an end in itself, corrupts the soul and blinds people to their true purpose. He might say:
“You who hoard riches while your neighbors go hungry, have you forgotten the face of Christ in the poor and the needy? Do not be deceived by the glitter of gold or the allure of power. Remember, the rich man in his fine clothing and sumptuous feasts was cast into torment, while Lazarus, the poor man, found comfort in the bosom of Abraham. Use what you have been given for the service of others; your true treasure lies in heaven, not in the fleeting pleasures of this world.”
Chrysostom would challenge individuals and institutions to use their resources to care for the poor, promote justice, and create systems that support the well-being of all people, especially the most vulnerable.
3. An Exhortation to Social Justice and Compassion
As a tireless advocate for the poor and a critic of injustice, Chrysostom would call on society to address systemic inequalities, corruption, and the neglect of the marginalized. He would urge the Church and all people of goodwill to speak out against oppression, discrimination, and the exploitation of the weak. He might declare:
“How can we call ourselves Christians if we remain silent in the face of injustice? If you see your brother or sister suffering, do not turn away; their suffering is your suffering, their plight is your call to action. Speak out for those who have no voice, act for those who have no power, and remember that Christ Himself was found among the outcasts, the lepers, and the sinners. We are called to be His hands and feet, bringing light where there is darkness, hope where there is despair.”
Chrysostom would likely call for a deeper sense of empathy, encouraging people to see Christ in every human being and to respond with compassion, generosity, and a commitment to justice.
4. A Defense of Truth and Integrity in Public and Private Life
In an age where truth is often manipulated and integrity compromised, Chrysostom would call for a return to honesty, transparency, and moral courage. He would exhort leaders in all fields—government, business, education, and the Church—to lead with integrity and prioritize the common good over personal gain or power:
“You who hold positions of authority, remember that you are stewards, not owners, of your power. Use it for the benefit of those you serve, not for your own advancement. Speak the truth boldly, even when it is unpopular, and live in a way that is beyond reproach. For what does it profit a man to gain the whole world, yet lose his soul? Let your yes be yes, and your no be no; be men and women of your word, reflecting the integrity of Christ in all you do.”
John Chrysostom would challenge leaders and citizens alike to uphold truth and integrity in every aspect of life, understanding that these values are the foundation of a just and peaceful society.
5. An Appeal for Humility and Unity Amid Division
Aware of the deep divisions that characterize modern society—political, racial, economic, and religious—Chrysostom would call for humility, dialogue, and unity. He would remind Christians that their first allegiance is to Christ and His Kingdom, not to any earthly ideology or faction:
“Why do you tear yourselves apart over matters of this world when you are called to a higher purpose? Remember that you are all members of the Body of Christ, and if one member suffers, all suffer. Lay aside pride and prejudice, and seek to understand rather than to be understood. For it is only in humility that true peace and unity can be found.”
Chrysostom would encourage believers to focus on what unites them rather than what divides them, promoting a spirit of reconciliation, forgiveness, and mutual respect.
6. A Call to True Worship and Holiness
Chrysostom would also exhort modern Christians to deepen their spiritual lives, warning against empty rituals or superficial religiosity. He would emphasize that true worship must be heartfelt and reflected in daily actions:
“Do not think that by mere attendance in churches or recitation of prayers you fulfill your duty to God. Worship Him in spirit and truth, with a heart full of love and a life that mirrors His holiness. Let your faith not be confined to words but made manifest in deeds. Love your neighbor, forgive your enemies, and seek to grow in virtue each day.”
He would remind the faithful that true holiness is found in loving God and neighbor, living humbly, and serving selflessly.
7. Encouragement to Persevere in Hope
Finally, in a world often filled with fear, uncertainty, and despair, Chrysostom would offer a message of hope, reminding people of God’s unending mercy and love:
“Do not lose heart, beloved, for God is with us, even in the darkest times. Every trial is an opportunity to grow in faith, every challenge a chance to draw nearer to Him. Remember that Christ has overcome the world, and in Him, we find our victory. Stand firm in hope, persevere in prayer, and trust that all things work together for good to those who love God.”
He would encourage all to keep their eyes fixed on the eternal promises of God, finding strength and purpose even amid life’s struggles.
A Timeless Message
In essence, Saint John Chrysostom’s exhortation to modern society would be a call back to the essentials of faith: repentance, justice, compassion, truth, humility, and hope. His message, though rooted in the challenges of his own time, transcends centuries and speaks directly to the moral and spiritual needs of our age. His words would challenge us to look beyond the distractions of modern life and seek a deeper, more authentic commitment to living out our faith in every aspect of our lives.
